Symfony Profiler

HTTP Client

2 Total requests

0 HTTP errors

Clients

http_client 2

Requests

POST	Search
Request options	["body" => "{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaSearch, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Query":{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaQueryByInList, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","FieldName":"AllPersons","List":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.String, mscorlib]], mscorlib","$values":["Bartsch, Norbert"]},"Quoted":false},"QueryOptions":{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaQueryOptions, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","OrderBy":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaSort, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation]], mscorlib","$values":[{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaSort, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"RELEVANZ","SortOrder":1}]},"ReturnNumFound":true,"StatisticFields":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.String, mscorlib]], mscorlib","$values":[]},"Start":0,"Rows":0,"Facet":{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetParameter, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Queries":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.IMetaFacetQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation]], mscorlib","$values":[{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"F_Price","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":0,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"F_Producer","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"Productform","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"F_AllPersons","Sort":true,"Limit":-1,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"F_Catchwords","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"PublishingDate","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"F_Properties_SPRACHE","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0}]},"Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":0,"Missing":false},"FilterQueries":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.IMetaQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation]], mscorlib","$values":[]},"ExtraParams":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.String, mscorlib]], mscorlib"}},"CatalogSearchObject":{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaCatalogSearchObject, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Catalogs":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaCatalog, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation]], mscorlib","$values":[{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaCatalog, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","CatalogID":32,"CatalogName":"","IsUserCatalog":false},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaCatalog, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","CatalogID":31,"CatalogName":"","IsUserCatalog":false,"UseReferenceCatalog":true,"ReferenceCatalogID":8,"ReferenceCatalogName":"","ReferenceIsUserCatalog":false,"References":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.String, mscorlib]], mscorlib","$values":["MEDIA","TEXT"]}},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaCatalog, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","CatalogID":1,"CatalogName":"haupt_verlag","IsUserCatalog":true}]},"Behaviour":1},"ConvertCoverUrls":true}" "headers" => [ "Content-Type" => "application/json" ]]
Response	200 ["info" => [ "header_size" => 258 "request_size" => 307 "total_time" => 1.095352 "namelookup_time" => 0.006712 "connect_time" => 0.021632 "pretransfer_time" => 0.104929 "size_upload" => 3719.0 "size_download" => 10521.0 "speed_download" => 9605.0 "speed_upload" => 3395.0 "download_content_length" => 10521.0 "upload_content_length" => 3719.0 "starttransfer_time" => 0.105095 "primary_ip" => "195.252.129.217" "primary_port" => 443 "local_ip" => "172.19.0.5" "local_port" => 43468 "http_version" => 3 "protocol" => 2 "scheme" => "HTTPS" "appconnect_time_us" => 104433 "connect_time_us" => 21632 "namelookup_time_us" => 6712 "pretransfer_time_us" => 104929 "starttransfer_time_us" => 105095 "total_time_us" => 1095352 "effective_method" => "POST" "capath" => "/etc/ssl/certs" "cainfo" => "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt" "start_time" => 1770196566.5237 "original_url" => "https://app.eurosoft.net/esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search" "pause_handler" => Closure(float $duration) {#26902 class: "Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\CurlResponse" use: { $ch: CurlHandle {#26926 …} $multi: Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Internal\CurlClientState {#26908 …} $execCounter: -9223372036854775808 } } "debug" => """ * Trying 195.252.129.217:443...\n * Connected to app.eurosoft.net (195.252.129.217) port 443 (#0)\n * ALPN: offers h2,http/1.1\n * CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt\n * CApath: /etc/ssl/certs\n * SSL connection using TLSv1.2 / ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384\n * ALPN: server accepted h2\n * Server certificate:\n * subject: CN=app.eurosoft.net\n * start date: Jan 5 13:59:32 2026 GMT\n * expire date: Apr 5 13:59:31 2026 GMT\n * subjectAltName: host "app.eurosoft.net" matched cert's "app.eurosoft.net"\n * issuer: C=US; O=Let's Encrypt; CN=R12\n * SSL certificate verify ok.\n * using HTTP/2\n * h2h3 [:method: POST]\n * h2h3 [:path: /esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search]\n * h2h3 [:scheme: https]\n * h2h3 [:authority: app.eurosoft.net]\n * h2h3 [content-type: application/json]\n * h2h3 [es-sessionid: f65b3fa85e7fecee979d09bf95672c5f]\n * h2h3 [accept: /]\n * h2h3 [authorization: Basic SGF1cHRWZXJsYWcwMTpZMChyJEYvaWFkYTY=]\n * h2h3 [user-agent: Symfony HttpClient (Curl)]\n * h2h3 [accept-encoding: gzip]\n * h2h3 [content-length: 3719]\n * Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x574a04fc63e0)\n > POST /esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search HTTP/2\r\n Host: app.eurosoft.net\r\n content-type: application/json\r\n es-sessionid: f65b3fa85e7fecee979d09bf95672c5f\r\n accept: /\r\n authorization: Basic SGF1cHRWZXJsYWcwMTpZMChyJEYvaWFkYTY=\r\n user-agent: Symfony HttpClient (Curl)\r\n accept-encoding: gzip\r\n content-length: 3719\r\n \r\n * We are completely uploaded and fine\n < HTTP/2 200 \r\n < cache-control: no-cache\r\n < pragma: no-cache\r\n < content-length: 10521\r\n < content-type: application/json; charset=utf-8\r\n < expires: -1\r\n < server: Microsoft-IIS/10.0\r\n < x-aspnet-version: 4.0.30319\r\n < x-powered-by: ASP.NET\r\n < date: Wed, 04 Feb 2026 09:16:07 GMT\r\n < \r\n """ ] "url" => "https://app.eurosoft.net/esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search" "response_headers" => [ "HTTP/2 200 " "cache-control: no-cache" "pragma: no-cache" "content-length: 10521" "content-type: application/json; charset=utf-8" "expires: -1" "server: Microsoft-IIS/10.0" "x-aspnet-version: 4.0.30319" "x-powered-by: ASP.NET" "date: Wed, 04 Feb 2026 09:16:07 GMT" ] "response_json" => [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaSearchResult, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation" "Items" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaItem, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData]], mscorlib" "$values" => [] ] "FacetFields" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.Collections.Generic.ICollection`1[[System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.Int32, mscorlib]], mscorlib]], mscorlib]], mscorlib" "F_Price" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.Int32, mscorlib]], mscorlib]], mscorlib" "$values" => [ [ "Key" => "42.9" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "53.0" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "59.0" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "77.0" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "78.0" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "107.0" "Value" => 1 ] ] ] "F_Producer" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.Int32, mscorlib]], mscorlib]], mscorlib" "$values" => [ [ "Key" => "Haupt Verlag" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "Springer Berlin Heidelberg" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "Spektrum" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "UTB GmbH" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Uni-Taschenbücher" "Value" => 1 ] ] ] "Productform" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.Int32, mscorlib]], mscorlib]], mscorlib" "$values" => [ [ "Key" => "Kartoniert_Broschiert" "Value" => 3 ] [ "Key" => "eBook" "Value" => 3 ] [ "Key" => "Buch" "Value" => 1 ] ] ] "F_AllPersons" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.Int32, mscorlib]], mscorlib]], mscorlib" "$values" => [ [ "Key" => "Bartsch, Norbert" "Value" => 5 ] [ "Key" => "Röhrig, Ernst" "Value" => 3 ] [ "Key" => "Rapp, Christine" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "Lay, Martin" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Lüpke, Burghard von" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "von Lüpke, Burghard" "Value" => 1 ] ] ] "F_Catchwords" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.Int32, mscorlib]], mscorlib]], mscorlib" "$values" => [ [ "Key" => "Botanik" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "Forstwirtschaft und Waldbau: Praxis und Techniken" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "Pflanzenbestimmung" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "Waldökologie" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "Zeigerarten" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "A" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Agrar-/Forstwissenschaft" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Ahorn" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Baumarten" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Biomedical and Life Sciences" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Birken" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Bäume" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Douglasie" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Environmental Science and Engineering" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Environmental Sciences" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Erle" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Esche" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Fichten" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Forestry" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Forstwirtschaft" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Forstwissenschaft" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Für die Hochschule" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Geography" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Grundlagen (Bachelor)" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Gräser" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Hochwald" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Holzwirtschaft" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Human Geography" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Humangeographie" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Kahlschlag" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Kastanien" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Kiefern" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Landwirtschaft, Veterinärmedizin" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Linden" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Lärchen" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Mischwald" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Monokultur" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Natur" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Nussbaum" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Orientieren" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Pappeln" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Pflanzen" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Regional & area planning" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Regional planning" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Schlüsselkompetenz-Titel" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Tannen" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Ulmen" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Umwelt" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Urban Planning" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Verstehen" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Vogelbeere" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Wald" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Waldbaus" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Waldbestand" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Waldgräser" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Waldpflanzen" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Weiden" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Wildbirne" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Wildkirsche" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Wirtschaftswald" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Wälder" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "environmental science, engineering & technology" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "für die Hochschulausbildung" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "Ökologie" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "ökologischer Landbau" "Value" => 1 ] ] ] "PublishingDate" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.Int32, mscorlib]], mscorlib]], mscorlib" "$values" => [ [ "Key" => "2016-06-12T22:00:00Z" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "2020-03-08T23:00:00Z" "Value" => 2 ] [ "Key" => "2012-12-05T23:00:00Z" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "2015-12-22T23:00:00Z" "Value" => 1 ] [ "Key" => "2016-01-18T23:00:00Z" "Value" => 1 ] ] ] "F_Properties_SPRACHE" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.Int32, mscorlib]], mscorlib]], mscorlib" "$values" => [ [ "Key" => "German" "Value" => 6 ] [ "Key" => "English" "Value" => 1 ] ] ] ] "NumFound" => 6 "Start" => 0 "MaxScore" => null "Status" => 0 "QTime" => 964 "Params" => null "StatResult" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaSearchStatResult, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation]], mscorlib" "EAN" => [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaSearchStatResult, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation" "Min" => null "Max" => null "Sum" => null "Count" => 0 "Missing" => 0 "Cardinality" => 6 "SumOfSquares" => null "Mean" => null "StdDev" => null "FacetResults" => [ "$type" => "System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaSearchStatResult, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation]], mscorlib]], mscorlib" ] ] ] ]]

POST

Request options

[
  "body" => "{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaSearch, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Query":{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaQueryByInList, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","FieldName":"AllPersons","List":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.String, mscorlib]], mscorlib","$values":["Bartsch, Norbert"]},"Quoted":false},"QueryOptions":{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaQueryOptions, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","OrderBy":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaSort, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation]], mscorlib","$values":[{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaSort, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"RELEVANZ","SortOrder":1}]},"ReturnNumFound":true,"StatisticFields":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.String, mscorlib]], mscorlib","$values":[]},"Start":0,"Rows":0,"Facet":{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetParameter, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Queries":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.IMetaFacetQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation]], mscorlib","$values":[{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"F_Price","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":0,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"F_Producer","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"Productform","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"F_AllPersons","Sort":true,"Limit":-1,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"F_Catchwords","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"PublishingDate","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaFacetFieldQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Field":"F_Properties_SPRACHE","Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":1,"Missing":false,"EnumCacheMinDf":0}]},"Sort":true,"Limit":100,"Offset":0,"MinCount":0,"Missing":false},"FilterQueries":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.IMetaQuery, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation]], mscorlib","$values":[]},"ExtraParams":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2[[System.String, mscorlib],[System.String, mscorlib]], mscorlib"}},"CatalogSearchObject":{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaCatalogSearchObject, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","Catalogs":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaCatalog, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation]], mscorlib","$values":[{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaCatalog, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","CatalogID":32,"CatalogName":"","IsUserCatalog":false},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaCatalog, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","CatalogID":31,"CatalogName":"","IsUserCatalog":false,"UseReferenceCatalog":true,"ReferenceCatalogID":8,"ReferenceCatalogName":"","ReferenceIsUserCatalog":false,"References":{"$type":"System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.String, mscorlib]], mscorlib","$values":["MEDIA","TEXT"]}},{"$type":"eurosoft.esMetaFoundation.esMetaCatalog, eurosoft.esMetaFoundation","CatalogID":1,"CatalogName":"haupt_verlag","IsUserCatalog":true}]},"Behaviour":1},"ConvertCoverUrls":true}"
  "headers" => [
    "Content-Type" => "application/json"
  ]
]

Response

200

[
  "info" => [
    "header_size" => 258
    "request_size" => 307
    "total_time" => 1.095352
    "namelookup_time" => 0.006712
    "connect_time" => 0.021632
    "pretransfer_time" => 0.104929
    "size_upload" => 3719.0
    "size_download" => 10521.0
    "speed_download" => 9605.0
    "speed_upload" => 3395.0
    "download_content_length" => 10521.0
    "upload_content_length" => 3719.0
    "starttransfer_time" => 0.105095
    "primary_ip" => "195.252.129.217"
    "primary_port" => 443
    "local_ip" => "172.19.0.5"
    "local_port" => 43468
    "http_version" => 3
    "protocol" => 2
    "scheme" => "HTTPS"
    "appconnect_time_us" => 104433
    "connect_time_us" => 21632
    "namelookup_time_us" => 6712
    "pretransfer_time_us" => 104929
    "starttransfer_time_us" => 105095
    "total_time_us" => 1095352
    "effective_method" => "POST"
    "capath" => "/etc/ssl/certs"
    "cainfo" => "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
    "start_time" => 1770196566.5237
    "original_url" => "https://app.eurosoft.net/esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search"
    "pause_handler" => Closure(float $duration) {#26902
      class: "Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\CurlResponse"
      use: {
        $ch: CurlHandle {#26926 …}
        $multi: Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Internal\CurlClientState {#26908 …}
        $execCounter: -9223372036854775808
      }
    }
    "debug" => """
      *   Trying 195.252.129.217:443...\n
      * Connected to app.eurosoft.net (195.252.129.217) port 443 (#0)\n
      * ALPN: offers h2,http/1.1\n
      *  CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt\n
      *  CApath: /etc/ssl/certs\n
      * SSL connection using TLSv1.2 / ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384\n
      * ALPN: server accepted h2\n
      * Server certificate:\n
      *  subject: CN=app.eurosoft.net\n
      *  start date: Jan  5 13:59:32 2026 GMT\n
      *  expire date: Apr  5 13:59:31 2026 GMT\n
      *  subjectAltName: host "app.eurosoft.net" matched cert's "app.eurosoft.net"\n
      *  issuer: C=US; O=Let's Encrypt; CN=R12\n
      *  SSL certificate verify ok.\n
      * using HTTP/2\n
      * h2h3 [:method: POST]\n
      * h2h3 [:path: /esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search]\n
      * h2h3 [:scheme: https]\n
      * h2h3 [:authority: app.eurosoft.net]\n
      * h2h3 [content-type: application/json]\n
      * h2h3 [es-sessionid: f65b3fa85e7fecee979d09bf95672c5f]\n
      * h2h3 [accept: */*]\n
      * h2h3 [authorization: Basic SGF1cHRWZXJsYWcwMTpZMChyJEYvaWFkYTY=]\n
      * h2h3 [user-agent: Symfony HttpClient (Curl)]\n
      * h2h3 [accept-encoding: gzip]\n
      * h2h3 [content-length: 3719]\n
      * Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x574a04fc63e0)\n
      > POST /esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search HTTP/2\r\n
      Host: app.eurosoft.net\r\n
      content-type: application/json\r\n
      es-sessionid: f65b3fa85e7fecee979d09bf95672c5f\r\n
      accept: */*\r\n
      authorization: Basic SGF1cHRWZXJsYWcwMTpZMChyJEYvaWFkYTY=\r\n
      user-agent: Symfony HttpClient (Curl)\r\n
      accept-encoding: gzip\r\n
      content-length: 3719\r\n
      \r\n
      * We are completely uploaded and fine\n
      < HTTP/2 200 \r\n
      < cache-control: no-cache\r\n
      < pragma: no-cache\r\n
      < content-length: 10521\r\n
      < content-type: application/json; charset=utf-8\r\n
      < expires: -1\r\n
      < server: Microsoft-IIS/10.0\r\n
      < x-aspnet-version: 4.0.30319\r\n
      < x-powered-by: ASP.NET\r\n
      < date: Wed, 04 Feb 2026 09:16:07 GMT\r\n
      < \r\n
      """
  ]
  "url" => "https://app.eurosoft.net/esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search"
  "response_headers" => [
    "HTTP/2 200 "
    "cache-control: no-cache"
    "pragma: no-cache"
    "content-length: 10521"
    "content-type: application/json; charset=utf-8"
    "expires: -1"
    "server: Microsoft-IIS/10.0"
    "x-aspnet-version: 4.0.30319"
    "x-powered-by: ASP.NET"
    "date: Wed, 04 Feb 2026 09:16:07 GMT"
  ]
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Natural developments are more and more radically disturbed by human impact. Air pollution leads to soil acidification, change in nutrient budget and to a decreasing vitality of the trees. Forest management can prevent natural succession and often leads to less stable forests. In this book, selected results of 10 years of interdisciplinary ecosystem research are presented. Not only growth and physiological reactions on environmental stress, but also natural succession processes are described and analysed. 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"ItemState" => 4 "Created" => "0001-01-01T00:00:00" "PublishingDate" => "2016-06-13T00:00:00" "UnpublishingDate" => "0001-01-01T00:00:00" "ProductionCountry_ISO3166_1" => "CH" "NumberOfPieces" => 1 "Texts" => [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaTexts, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "$values" => [ [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 10 "Text" => "<p>Im Vergleich zu den Wiesengräsern führen die Waldgräser im wahrsten Sinne ein «Schattendasein»: Während die einen als Grünland und Steppe Landschaften prägen und weltweit als wichtigste Nahrungs- und Futterpflanzen dienen, werden die anderen kaum wahrgenommen. Forstpraktiker wissen jedoch seit langem um die Bedeutung der Waldgräser. Gemeinsam mit anderen Waldbodenpflanzen liefern sie wertvolle Hinweise auf Standorteigenschaften. <br><br>Die Kenntnis dieser Pflanzen ist für alle, die sich intensiv mit dem Wald beschäftigen, von großem Nutzen. «Waldgräser» richtet sich denn auch an Forstleute, Standortkundler, an Studierende der Forstwissenschaften, Biologie und Landschaftsökologie sowie an Pflanzenfreunde, Naturliebhaber und interessierte Waldspaziergänger.</p>" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 5 "Text" => "<ul><li>Bestimmungsführer für alle, die sich mit dem Lebensraum Wald befassen.</li></ul>" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 13 "Text" => "<p>$$Rapp, Christine\|Christine Rapp$$<br>Dr. Christine Rapp ist Biologin und Lehrkraft an der Fakultät für Forstwissenschaften und Waldökologie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen.<br><br>$$Bartsch, Norbert\|Norbert Bartsch$$<br>Dr. Norbert Bartsch ist Forstwissenschaftler und lehrt in der Abteilung "Waldbau und Waldökologie der gemäßigten Zonen" an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Er ist Autor verschiedener Lehrbücher zum Waldbau und zur Waldökologie.</p>" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 14 "Text" => "«Ein neues Standardwerk.»<br>Forstliche Mitteilungen<br><br>«Auch wenn dieses Bestimmungsbuch sich hauptsächlich an Fachleute im Forstbereich wendet, werden auch interessierte Laien, sofern sie bereit sind, sich ein wenig in die Merkmalsbestimmung einzuarbeiten, ihre Freude haben. Die gelungenen Nahaufnahmen werden das Bestimmen sehr erleichtern.»<br>Informationsmittel IFB<br><br>«Die Waldgräser treten aus dem Schattendasein.»<br>Pro Natura Magazin<br><br>«Die beiden Autoren versuchen mit ihrem Bestimmungsführer, den Praktikern und Praktikerinnen ein Instrument in die Hand zu geben, mit dem sie sich in der grossen Vielfalt der Waldgräser besser zurechtfinden<br>können. 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Im Fokus steht dabei die Ökologie der Baumarten und der Wälder in Mitteleuropa, einem vegetationsgeografisch eigenständigen Naturraum, der sich von der Ostsee bis zu den Südalpen und von Ostfrankreich bis nach Polen und in die Slowakei erstreckt. Die Ausführungen zu den Strukturen und Prozessen in den natürlichen Waldformationen werden ergänzt durch Forschungsergebnisse zu den ökologischen Auswirkungen der Forstwirtschaft. In eigenen Kapiteln werden auch die globalen Problemfelder Biodiversität, Klimawandel und Waldschäden behandelt.Biologie, Geografie, Landschaftsplanung, Landschaftsökologie, Agrar- und Forstwissenschaften sind Studiengänge, in denen ökologische Themen seit jeher einen wichtigen Teil der Lehrinhalte einnehmen. Hinzu kamen neue Studiengänge für Ressourcenmanagement, Ökosystemmanagement, Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften. Diesen Fachrichtungen bietet das Lehrbuch eine Einführung in die ökologischen Zusammenhänge. Hierbei folgt es einem hierarchischen Aufbau von den Bäumen über die Baumpopulation und das Waldökosystem bis zur Landschaft. Die umfassende Berücksichtigung aktueller und spezieller Literatur macht das Lehrbuch auch zu einem Handbuch und Nachschlagewerk für Masterstudenten, Doktoranden und Dozenten." ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 4 "Text" => "Teil I Wälder als natürliche Pflanzenformationen.- 1 Biogeografische Einordnung der Wälder.- 2 Gestalt und Lebensweise der Bäume.- 3 Florengeschichtliche Grundlagen.- 4 Klimatische Bedingungen und Klimagrenzen des Waldes.- 5 Waldähnliche Pflanzenformationen.- Teil II Bäume und Wälder in ökologischen Ebenen.- 6 Was ist Ökologie?.- 7 Autökologie der Bäume.- 8 Populationen von Bäumen.- 9 Bäume in Lebensgemeinschaften.- 10 Wälder als Ökosysteme.- 11 Wälder auf Landschaftsebene.- Teil III Strukturen und Dynamik von Wäldern.- 12 Strukturelemente von Wäldern.- 13 Wettbewerb zwischen Bäumen.- 14 Tiere in ihrer Bedeutung für Waldökosysteme.- 15 Prozesse der Walddynamik.- 16 Stabilität von Waldökosystemen.- Teil IV Ressourcen und Produktivität der Wälder.- 17 Wasserhaushalt von Bäumen und Waldökosystemen.- 18 Stoffhaushalt von Waldökosystemen.- 19 Produktivität von Waldökosystemen.- Teil V Globale und anthropogene Einflüsse auf Wälder.- 20 Naturschutz und Biodiversität.- 21 Neuartige Waldschäden.- 22 Wälder im Klimawandel." ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 8 "Text" => "" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 12 "Text" => "“... eine gewinnbringende Lektüre für interessierte Laien, denen der Wald am Herzen liegt und die mehr über die Zusammenhänge erfahren möchten.” (in: INFO-BULLETIN umwelt-mediathek, Heft 49, 2016)" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 13 "Text" => "Prof. em. Dr.Ernst Röhrig, geb. 1921, Studium der Forstwissenschaften in Hann. Münden, Habilitation 1957, Leiter des niedersächsischen Forstamtes Reinhausen von 1964 bis 1973, Leiter der Abteilung Waldbau der gemäßigten Zonen an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen von 1973 bis 1991. Forschungsschwerpunkte sind die Erfassung ökologischer Bedingungen in ihren Auswirkungen auf Verjüngung und Wachstum wichtiger Waldbäume sowie unterschiedliche waldbauliche Themen in Zusammenarbeit mit der forstlichen Praxis. Hauptautor der Auflagen 4 bis 7 des von Alfred Dengler begründeten Lehrbuches Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage, Mitherausgeber und Autor des Werkes Temperate Deciduous Forests.\u{A0}Dr. Norbert Bartsch, Akademischer Oberrat, geb. 1955, Studium der Forstwissenschaften in Göttingen, wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Abteilung Waldbau und Waldökologie der gemäßigten Zonen an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen seit 1981.Forschungsschwerpunkte sind Auswirkungen waldbaulicher Verfahren auf den Stoffhaushalt von Waldökosystemen, Zersetzung von Totholz und ökologische Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der Waldverjüngung. Koautor der 7. Auflage des Lehrbuches Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage, Autor des Bestimmungsbuches Waldgräser, Mitherausgeber und Autor des Sammelwerkes Forest Development, Schriftleiter der wissenschaftlichen Zeitschrift Forstarchiv seit 1992." ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 0 "Text" => "Dieses Lehrbuch gibt einen Überblick über das komplexe, in zahlreiche Fachdisziplinen aufgesplitterte Gebiet der Ökologie. Im Fokus steht dabei die Ökologie der Baumarten und der Wälder in Mitteleuropa, einem vegetationsgeografisch eigenständigen Naturraum, der sich von der Ostsee bis zu den Südalpen und von Ostfrankreich bis nach Polen und in die Slowakei erstreckt. Die Ausführungen zu den Strukturen und Prozessen in den natürlichen Waldformationen werden ergänzt durch Forschungsergebnisse zu den ökologischen Auswirkungen der Forstwirtschaft. In eigenen Kapiteln werden auch die globalen Problemfelder Biodiversität, Klimawandel und Waldschäden behandelt.Biologie, Geografie, Landschaftsplanung, Landschaftsökologie, Agrar- und Forstwissenschaften sind Studiengänge, in denen ökologische Themen seit jeher einen wichtigen Teil der Lehrinhalte einnehmen. Hinzu kamen neue Studiengänge für Ressourcenmanagement, Ökosystemmanagement, Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften. Diesen Fachrichtungen bietet das Lehrbuch eine Einführung in die ökologischen Zusammenhänge. Hierbei folgt es einem hierarchischen Aufbau von den Bäumen über die Baumpopulation und das Waldökosystem bis zur Landschaft. Die umfassende Berücksichtigung aktueller und spezieller Literatur macht das Lehrbuch auch zu einem Handbuch und Nachschlagewerk für Masterstudenten, Doktoranden und Dozenten." ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 6 "Text" => "Dieses Lehrbuch gibt einen Überblick über das komplexe, in zahlreiche Fachdisziplinen aufgesplitterte Gebiet der Ökologie. Im Fokus steht dabei die Ökologie der Baumarten und der Wälder in Mitteleuropa, einem vegetationsgeografisch eigenständigen Naturraum, der sich von der Ostsee bis zu den Südalpen und von Ostfrankreich bis nach Polen und in die Slowakei erstreckt. Die Ausführungen zu den Strukturen und Prozessen in den natürlichen Waldformationen werden ergänzt durch Forschungsergebnisse zu den ökologischen Auswirkungen der Forstwirtschaft. In eigenen Kapiteln werden auch die globalen Problemfelder Biodiversität, Klimawandel und Waldschäden behandelt.Biologie, Geografie, Landschaftsplanung, Landschaftsökologie, Agrar- und Forstwissenschaften sind Studiengänge, in denen ökologische Themen seit jeher einen wichtigen Teil der Lehrinhalte einnehmen. Hinzu kamen neue Studiengänge für Ressourcenmanagement, Ökosystemmanagement, Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften. Diesen Fachrichtungen bietet das Lehrbuch eine Einführung in die ökologischen Zusammenhänge. Hierbei folgt es einem hierarchischen Aufbau von den Bäumen über die Baumpopulation und das Waldökosystem bis zur Landschaft. 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Im Fokus steht dabei die Ökologie der Baumarten und der Wälder in Mitteleuropa, einem vegetationsgeografisch eigenständigen Naturraum, der sich von der Ostsee bis zu den Südalpen und von Ostfrankreich bis nach Polen und in die Slowakei erstreckt. Die Ausführungen zu den Strukturen und Prozessen in den natürlichen Waldformationen werden ergänzt durch Forschungsergebnisse zu den ökologischen Auswirkungen der Forstwirtschaft. In eigenen Kapiteln werden auch die globalen Problemfelder Biodiversität, Klimawandel und Waldschäden behandelt.Biologie, Geografie, Landschaftsplanung, Landschaftsökologie, Agrar- und Forstwissenschaften sind Studiengänge, in denen ökologische Themen seit jeher einen wichtigen Teil der Lehrinhalte einnehmen. Hinzu kamen neue Studiengänge für Ressourcenmanagement, Ökosystemmanagement, Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften. Diesen Fachrichtungen bietet das Lehrbuch eine Einführung in die ökologischen Zusammenhänge. Hierbei folgt es einem hierarchischen Aufbau von den Bäumen über die Baumpopulation und das Waldökosystem bis zur Landschaft. Die umfassende Berücksichtigung aktueller und spezieller Literatur macht das Lehrbuch auch zu einem Handbuch und Nachschlagewerk für Masterstudenten, Doktoranden und Dozenten." ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 4 "Text" => "Teil I Wälder als natürliche Pflanzenformationen.- 1 Biogeografische Einordnung der Wälder.- 2 Gestalt und Lebensweise der Bäume.- 3 Florengeschichtliche Grundlagen.- 4 Klimatische Bedingungen und Klimagrenzen des Waldes.- 5 Waldähnliche Pflanzenformationen.- Teil II Bäume und Wälder in ökologischen Ebenen.- 6 Was ist Ökologie?.- 7 Autökologie der Bäume.- 8 Populationen von Bäumen.- 9 Bäume in Lebensgemeinschaften.- 10 Wälder als Ökosysteme.- 11 Wälder auf Landschaftsebene.- Teil III Strukturen und Dynamik von Wäldern.- 12 Strukturelemente von Wäldern.- 13 Wettbewerb zwischen Bäumen.- 14 Tiere in ihrer Bedeutung für Waldökosysteme.- 15 Prozesse der Walddynamik.- 16 Stabilität von Waldökosystemen.- Teil IV Ressourcen und Produktivität der Wälder.- 17 Wasserhaushalt von Bäumen und Waldökosystemen.- 18 Stoffhaushalt von Waldökosystemen.- 19 Produktivität von Waldökosystemen.- Teil V Globale und anthropogene Einflüsse auf Wälder.- 20 Naturschutz und Biodiversität.- 21 Neuartige Waldschäden.- 22 Wälder im Klimawandel." ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 8 "Text" => "" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 12 "Text" => "“... eine gewinnbringende Lektüre für interessierte Laien, denen der Wald am Herzen liegt und die mehr über die Zusammenhänge erfahren möchten.” (in: INFO-BULLETIN umwelt-mediathek, Heft 49, 2016)" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 13 "Text" => "Prof. em. Dr.Ernst Röhrig , geb. 1921, Studium der Forstwissenschaften in Hann. Münden, Habilitation 1957, Leiter des niedersächsischen Forstamtes Reinhausen von 1964 bis 1973, Leiter der Abteilung Waldbau der gemäßigten Zonen an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen von 1973 bis 1991. Forschungsschwerpunkte sind die Erfassung ökologischer Bedingungen in ihren Auswirkungen auf Verjüngung und Wachstum wichtiger Waldbäume sowie unterschiedliche waldbauliche Themen in Zusammenarbeit mit der forstlichen Praxis. Hauptautor der Auflagen 4 bis 7 des von Alfred Dengler begründeten Lehrbuches Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage , Mitherausgeber und Autor des Werkes Temperate Deciduous Forests . \u{A0}Dr. Norbert Bartsch , Akademischer Oberrat, geb. 1955, Studium der Forstwissenschaften in Göttingen, wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Abteilung Waldbau und Waldökologie der gemäßigten Zonen an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen seit 1981. Forschungsschwerpunkte sind Auswirkungen waldbaulicher Verfahren auf den Stoffhaushalt von Waldökosystemen, Zersetzung von Totholz und ökologische Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der Waldverjüngung. Koautor der 7. Auflage des Lehrbuches Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage , Autor des Bestimmungsbuches Waldgräser , Mitherausgeber und Autor des Sammelwerkes Forest Development , Schriftleiter der wissenschaftlichen Zeitschrift Forstarchiv seit 1992." ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 0 "Text" => "Dieses Lehrbuch gibt einen Überblick über das komplexe, in zahlreiche Fachdisziplinen aufgesplitterte Gebiet der Ökologie. Im Fokus steht dabei die Ökologie der Baumarten und der Wälder in Mitteleuropa, einem vegetationsgeografisch eigenständigen Naturraum, der sich von der Ostsee bis zu den Südalpen und von Ostfrankreich bis nach Polen und in die Slowakei erstreckt. 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Nach einer umfassenden Einführung in die Ziele des Waldmanagements im Kontext der Geschichte des Waldbaus und den aktuellen Anforderungen liefert das moderne Lehr- und Handbuch Studierenden der Forstwirtschaft das komplette Handwerkszeug des Waldbaus: Baumartenwahl, Begründung, Verjüngung und Pflege von Waldbeständen sowie die Gestaltung der Wälder in Betriebsarten und Verjüngungsformen." ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaText, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "TextType" => 0 "Text" => "Aus: ProWald Forstverein – mh –08/2020 Das […] Buch wurde in der 8. Auflage nicht nur aktualisiert, sondern gestalterisch und inhaltlich wesentlich modernisiert. […] Für Forststudierende ist das Buch ein Muss, für Studierende verwandter Disziplinen bestimmt nützlich und für viele beamtete bzw. ehrenamtliche Naturschützer in Zeiten von FFH und Natura 2000 eigentlich notwendig. Darüber hinaus gibt es viele weitere Gruppen wie z. B. 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Wildapfel (Gattungen Pyrus und Malus, Familie Rosaceae) 111 2.1.1.10 Hainbuche (Carpinus betulus, Familie Betulaceae) 112 2.1.1.11 Erlen (Gattung Alnus, Familie Betulaceae) 113 2.1.1.12 Nussbäume (Gattungen Juglans und Carya, Familie Juglandaceae) 114 2.1.1.13 Edelkastanie (Castanea sativa, Familie Fagaceae) 116 2.1.1.14 Birken (Gattung Betula, Familie Betulaceae) 117 2.1.1.15 Pappeln (Gattung Populus, Familie Salicaceae) 118 2.1.1.16 Weiden (Gattung Salix, Familie Salicaceae) 120 2.1.2 Nadelbäume 121 2.1.2.1 Fichten (Gattung Picea, Familie Pinaceae) 121 2.1.2.2 Kiefern (Gattung Pinus, Familie Pinaceae) 129 2.1.2.3 Lärchen (Gattung Larix, Familie Pinaceae) 136 2.1.2.4 Tannen (Gattung Abies, Familie Pinaceae) 141 2.1.2.5 Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Familie Pinaceae) 148 2.2 Ziele der Baumartenwahl 152 2.2.1 Baumartenwahl in der Vergangenheit 152 2.2.2 Aktuelle Ziele der Baumartenwahl 154 2.2.2.1 Erhöhung des Anteils der Laubbaumarten 154 2.2.2.2 Begründung von Mischbeständen 154 2.3 Erfassung der Standorte 160 2.3.1 Umwelt und Standort 160 2.3.2 Prinzipien der Standortserfassung 161 2.3.3 Einschätzung und Untersuchung der Standortseigenschaften 162 2.3.4 Bildung von Standortstypen 176 2.3.5 Standortskarten 177 2.4 Auswertung der Standortserfassung für die Wahl der Baumarten 178 2.4.1 Zusammenhänge zwischen Standort und Ertrag 178 2.4.2 Aspekte der Schutz- und Erholungsfunktionen 182 2.5 Betriebszieltypen und Waldentwicklungstypen 184 3 Verjüngung und Begründung von Waldbeständen 189 3.1 Grundlagen 190 3.2 Vorbereitende Maßnahmen 192 3.2.1 Verjüngungshindernisse 193 3.2.2 Verfahren der Bodenbearbeitung 200 3.3 Naturverjüngung 206 3.3.1 Grundlagen 206 3.3.2 Naturverjüngung einzelner Baumarten 228 3.4 Saatgut 269 3.4.1 Ernte, Aufbereitung und Prüfung 269 3.4.2 Vorbehandlung 273 3.4.3 Lagerung 274 3.4.4 Herkunft 274 3.4.5 Samenplantagen 280 3.5 Saat 282 3.5.1 Bedeutung in Geschichte und Gegenwart 282 3.5.2 Grundlagen 283 3.5.3 Eichensaat 285 3.5.4 Buchensaat 286 3.6 Pflanzung 287 3.6.1 Anzucht, Behandlung und Qualität von Forstpflanzen 287 3.6.2 Qualitätsmerkmale 292 3.6.3 Pflanzschock 296 3.6.4 Verwendung der Pflanzen-sortimente 298 3.6.5 Pflanzverfahren 301 3.6.6 Pflanzenzahlen und Pflanzabstände 306 3.6.7 Pflanzung von Mischbeständen 320 3.6.8 Pflanzung von vegetativ angezogenem Material 323 3.6.9 Nachbesserung, Ergänzung und Pflege 324 3.7 Vorwald, Voranbau, Unterbau und Nachanbau 330 3.7.1 Vorwald 330 3.7.2 Voranbau 333 3.7.3 Unterbau 338 3.7.4 Nachanbau 340 4 Bestandespflege 343 4.1 Grundlagen 344 4.1.1 Wirtschaftsziele 344 4.1.2 Natürliche Altersstufen 349 4.2 Läuterungen und Durchforstungen 350 4.2.1 Grundlagen 351 4.2.2 Konkurrenz, Differenzierung und natürliche Stammzahlabnahme 355 4.2.3 Baumklassen: Einteilungssysteme, Wachstum und Umsetzungsdynamik 362 4.2.4 Wirkungen auf Volumen- und Wertleistung 369 4.2.5 Wirkungen auf die Stabilität 388 4.2.6 Weitere ökologische Wirkungen 398 4.2.7 Läuterung 406 4.2.8 Durchforstung 413 4.2.9 Wie soll in der Praxis verfahren werden? 452 4.3 Ästung 462 4.3.1 Allgemeines 462 4.3.2 Überwallung von Ästungswunden 463 4.3.3 Auswahl zu ästender Bestände und Bäume 464 4.3.4 Technische Ausführung 465 4.3.5 Auswirkungen auf den Zuwachs 466 4.3.6 Ökonomische Aspekte 467 4.4 Düngung 467 4.4.1 Grundlagen 467 4.4.2 Ziele der Walddüngung 468 4.4.3 Erkennung akuter Düngebedürftigkeit 477 4.4.4 Düngemittel und deren Anwendung 478 4.4.5 Neben- und Folgewirkungen 482 5 Betriebsarten und Betriebsformen des Wirtschaftswaldes 489 5.1 Grundlagen 490 5.2 Niederwald 492 5.2.1 Kennzeichen und Geschichte 492 5.2.2 Formen 493 5.2.3 Ökologische Bedeutung 496 5.2.4 Umformung von Niederwald in Hochwald 496 5.2.5 Niederwaldbetrieb mit rasch wachsenden Baumarten 497 5.3 Mittelwald 499 5.3.1 Geschichte 499 5.3.2 Bewirtschaftung 500 5.3.3 Umformung von Mittelwald in Hochwald 500 5.4 Schlagweiser Hochwald 502 5.4.1 Grundbegriffe 502 5.4.2 Kahlschlag 503 5.4.3 Schirmschlag 513 5.4.4 Saumschlag 519 5.4.5 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[ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaDisplayInfos, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "$values" => [ [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaDisplayInfo, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "Type" => "Benachrichtigungstyp" "Content" => "Notification confirmed on publication" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaDisplayInfo, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "Type" => "Produktformzusatz" "Content" => "TEXT_AND_DATA_MINING_PROHIBITED_03" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaDisplayInfo, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "Type" => "Format" "Content" => "PDF" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaDisplayInfo, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "Type" => "FormatInfo" "Content" => "Wasserzeichen" ] [ "$type" => "eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData.esMetaDisplayInfo, eurosoft.esMetaCatalog.esMetaData" "Type" => "Kurztitel" "Content" => "Bartsch N: Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage" ] [ "$type" => 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POST

Request options

[
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  "headers" => [
    "Content-Type" => "application/json"
  ]
]

Response

200

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    "starttransfer_time" => 0.000392
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    "protocol" => 2
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    "namelookup_time_us" => 207
    "pretransfer_time_us" => 366
    "starttransfer_time_us" => 392
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    "effective_method" => "POST"
    "capath" => "/etc/ssl/certs"
    "cainfo" => "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
    "start_time" => 1770196567.9794
    "original_url" => "https://app.eurosoft.net/esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search"
    "pause_handler" => Closure(float $duration) {#26628
      class: "Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\CurlResponse"
      use: {
        $ch: CurlHandle {#26615 …}
        $multi: Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Internal\CurlClientState {#26908 …}
        $execCounter: -9223372036854775790
      }
    }
    "debug" => """
      * Found bundle for host: 0x574a04ee4a60 [can multiplex]\n
      * Re-using existing connection #0 with host app.eurosoft.net\n
      * h2h3 [:method: POST]\n
      * h2h3 [:path: /esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search]\n
      * h2h3 [:scheme: https]\n
      * h2h3 [:authority: app.eurosoft.net]\n
      * h2h3 [content-type: application/json]\n
      * h2h3 [es-sessionid: f65b3fa85e7fecee979d09bf95672c5f]\n
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      * h2h3 [authorization: Basic SGF1cHRWZXJsYWcwMTpZMChyJEYvaWFkYTY=]\n
      * h2h3 [user-agent: Symfony HttpClient (Curl)]\n
      * h2h3 [accept-encoding: gzip]\n
      * h2h3 [content-length: 3720]\n
      * Using Stream ID: 3 (easy handle 0x574a04fc78e0)\n
      > POST /esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search HTTP/2\r\n
      Host: app.eurosoft.net\r\n
      content-type: application/json\r\n
      es-sessionid: f65b3fa85e7fecee979d09bf95672c5f\r\n
      accept: */*\r\n
      authorization: Basic SGF1cHRWZXJsYWcwMTpZMChyJEYvaWFkYTY=\r\n
      user-agent: Symfony HttpClient (Curl)\r\n
      accept-encoding: gzip\r\n
      content-length: 3720\r\n
      \r\n
      * We are completely uploaded and fine\n
      < HTTP/2 200 \r\n
      < cache-control: no-cache\r\n
      < pragma: no-cache\r\n
      < content-length: 227124\r\n
      < content-type: application/json; charset=utf-8\r\n
      < expires: -1\r\n
      < server: Microsoft-IIS/10.0\r\n
      < x-aspnet-version: 4.0.30319\r\n
      < x-powered-by: ASP.NET\r\n
      < date: Wed, 04 Feb 2026 09:16:08 GMT\r\n
      < \r\n
      """
  ]
  "url" => "https://app.eurosoft.net/esConnectMetaB2/V1/Meta/Search"
  "response_headers" => [
    "HTTP/2 200 "
    "cache-control: no-cache"
    "pragma: no-cache"
    "content-length: 227124"
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                "Text" => "Dieses Lehrbuch gibt einen Überblick über das komplexe, in zahlreiche Fachdisziplinen aufgesplitterte Gebiet der Ökologie. Im Fokus steht dabei die Ökologie der Baumarten und der Wälder in Mitteleuropa, einem vegetationsgeografisch eigenständigen Naturraum, der sich von der Ostsee bis zu den Südalpen und von Ostfrankreich bis nach Polen und in die Slowakei erstreckt. Die Ausführungen zu den Strukturen und Prozessen in den natürlichen Waldformationen werden ergänzt durch Forschungsergebnisse zu den ökologischen Auswirkungen der Forstwirtschaft. In eigenen Kapiteln werden auch die globalen Problemfelder Biodiversität, Klimawandel und Waldschäden behandelt.Biologie, Geografie, Landschaftsplanung, Landschaftsökologie, Agrar- und Forstwissenschaften sind Studiengänge, in denen ökologische Themen seit jeher einen wichtigen Teil der Lehrinhalte einnehmen. Hinzu kamen neue Studiengänge für Ressourcenmanagement, Ökosystemmanagement, Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften. Diesen Fachrichtungen bietet das Lehrbuch eine Einführung in die ökologischen Zusammenhänge. Hierbei folgt es einem hierarchischen Aufbau von den Bäumen über die Baumpopulation und das Waldökosystem bis zur Landschaft. Die umfassende Berücksichtigung aktueller und spezieller Literatur macht das Lehrbuch auch zu einem Handbuch und Nachschlagewerk für Masterstudenten, Doktoranden und Dozenten."
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                "Text" => "Teil I Wälder als natürliche Pflanzenformationen.- 1 Biogeografische Einordnung der Wälder.- 2 Gestalt und Lebensweise der Bäume.- 3 Florengeschichtliche Grundlagen.- 4 Klimatische Bedingungen und Klimagrenzen des Waldes.- 5 Waldähnliche Pflanzenformationen.- Teil II Bäume und Wälder in ökologischen Ebenen.- 6 Was ist Ökologie?.- 7 Autökologie der Bäume.- 8 Populationen von Bäumen.- 9 Bäume in Lebensgemeinschaften.- 10 Wälder als Ökosysteme.- 11 Wälder auf Landschaftsebene.- Teil III Strukturen und Dynamik von Wäldern.- 12 Strukturelemente von Wäldern.- 13 Wettbewerb zwischen Bäumen.- 14 Tiere in ihrer Bedeutung für Waldökosysteme.- 15 Prozesse der Walddynamik.- 16 Stabilität von Waldökosystemen.- Teil IV Ressourcen und Produktivität der Wälder.- 17 Wasserhaushalt von Bäumen und Waldökosystemen.- 18 Stoffhaushalt von Waldökosystemen.- 19 Produktivität von Waldökosystemen.- Teil V Globale und anthropogene Einflüsse auf Wälder.- 20 Naturschutz und Biodiversität.- 21 Neuartige Waldschäden.- 22 Wälder im Klimawandel."
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                "Text" => "“... eine gewinnbringende Lektüre für interessierte Laien, denen der Wald am Herzen liegt und die mehr über die Zusammenhänge erfahren möchten.” (in: INFO-BULLETIN umwelt-mediathek, Heft 49, 2016)"
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                "Text" => "Dieses Lehrbuch gibt einen Überblick über das komplexe, in zahlreiche Fachdisziplinen aufgesplitterte Gebiet der Ökologie. Im Fokus steht dabei die Ökologie der Baumarten und der Wälder in Mitteleuropa, einem vegetationsgeografisch eigenständigen Naturraum, der sich von der Ostsee bis zu den Südalpen und von Ostfrankreich bis nach Polen und in die Slowakei erstreckt. Die Ausführungen zu den Strukturen und Prozessen in den natürlichen Waldformationen werden ergänzt durch Forschungsergebnisse zu den ökologischen Auswirkungen der Forstwirtschaft. In eigenen Kapiteln werden auch die globalen Problemfelder Biodiversität, Klimawandel und Waldschäden behandelt.Biologie, Geografie, Landschaftsplanung, Landschaftsökologie, Agrar- und Forstwissenschaften sind Studiengänge, in denen ökologische Themen seit jeher einen wichtigen Teil der Lehrinhalte einnehmen. Hinzu kamen neue Studiengänge für Ressourcenmanagement, Ökosystemmanagement, Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften. Diesen Fachrichtungen bietet das Lehrbuch eine Einführung in die ökologischen Zusammenhänge. Hierbei folgt es einem hierarchischen Aufbau von den Bäumen über die Baumpopulation und das Waldökosystem bis zur Landschaft. Die umfassende Berücksichtigung aktueller und spezieller Literatur macht das Lehrbuch auch zu einem Handbuch und Nachschlagewerk für Masterstudenten, Doktoranden und Dozenten."
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                "Text" => "“... eine gewinnbringende Lektüre für interessierte Laien, denen der Wald am Herzen liegt und die mehr über die Zusammenhänge erfahren möchten.” (in: INFO-BULLETIN umwelt-mediathek, Heft 49, 2016)"
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                "Text" => "Prof. em. Dr.Ernst Röhrig                 , geb. 1921, Studium der Forstwissenschaften in Hann. Münden, Habilitation 1957, Leiter des niedersächsischen Forstamtes Reinhausen von 1964 bis 1973, Leiter der Abteilung Waldbau der gemäßigten Zonen an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen von 1973 bis 1991.              Forschungsschwerpunkte sind die Erfassung ökologischer Bedingungen in ihren Auswirkungen auf Verjüngung und Wachstum wichtiger Waldbäume sowie unterschiedliche waldbauliche Themen in Zusammenarbeit mit der forstlichen Praxis.                  Hauptautor der Auflagen 4 bis 7 des von Alfred Dengler begründeten Lehrbuches                  Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage                 , Mitherausgeber und Autor des Werkes                  Temperate Deciduous Forests                 .             \u{A0}Dr. Norbert Bartsch                 , Akademischer Oberrat, geb. 1955, Studium der Forstwissenschaften in Göttingen, wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Abteilung Waldbau und Waldökologie der gemäßigten Zonen an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen seit 1981.             Forschungsschwerpunkte sind Auswirkungen waldbaulicher Verfahren auf den Stoffhaushalt von Waldökosystemen, Zersetzung von Totholz und ökologische Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der Waldverjüngung.                  Koautor der 7. Auflage des Lehrbuches                  Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage                 , Autor des Bestimmungsbuches                  Waldgräser                 , Mitherausgeber und Autor des Sammelwerkes                  Forest Development                 , Schriftleiter der wissenschaftlichen Zeitschrift                  Forstarchiv                  seit 1992."
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                "Text" => "Das von Alfred Dengler 1930 begründete Buch wurde für die vorliegende 8. Auflage überarbeitet, deutlich erweitert und gestalterisch modernisiert.  Nach einer umfassenden Einführung in die Ziele des Waldmanagements im Kontext der Geschichte des Waldbaus und den aktuellen Anforderungen liefert das Buch das komplette Handwerkszeug des Waldbaus: Baumartenwahl, Begründung, Verjüngung und Pflege von Waldbeständen sowie die Gestaltung der Wälder in Betriebsarten und Verjüngungsformen.   Alle Kapitel wurden gründlich durchgesehen und durch Einbezug des gegenwärtigen Forschungsstands aktualisiert. Neu sind die Porträts der mitteleuropäischen Baumarten mit Angaben zu deren Verbreitung, standörtlichen Ansprüchen, ökologischen Eigenschaften, Wuchsleistungen und waldbaulicher Behandlung.   Erstmals enthält das Buch ein Glossar wichtiger Fachbegriffe. In alle Kapitel wurden zur besseren Veranschaulichung zusätzliche farbige Abbildungen aufgenommen. Zahlreiche Textboxen mit Hintergrundwissen und Definitionen verbessern die Lesbarkeit."
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                "Text" => "Das von Alfred Dengler 1930 begründete Buch wurde für die 8. Auflage überarbeitet, aktualisiert, deutlich erweitert und gestalterisch modernisiert.  Nach einer umfassenden Einführung in die Ziele des Waldmanagements im Kontext der Geschichte des Waldbaus und den aktuellen Anforderungen liefert das moderne Lehr- und Handbuch Studierenden der Forstwirtschaft das komplette Handwerkszeug des Waldbaus: Baumartenwahl, Begründung, Verjüngung und Pflege von Waldbeständen sowie die Gestaltung der Wälder in Betriebsarten und Verjüngungsformen."
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                "Text" => "Aus: ProWald Forstverein – mh –08/2020                      Das […] Buch wurde in der 8. Auflage nicht nur aktualisiert, sondern gestalterisch und inhaltlich wesentlich modernisiert. […] Für Forststudierende ist das Buch ein Muss, für Studierende verwandter Disziplinen bestimmt nützlich und für viele beamtete bzw. ehrenamtliche Naturschützer in Zeiten von FFH und Natura 2000 eigentlich notwendig. Darüber hinaus gibt es viele weitere Gruppen wie z. B. Waldbesitzer und politische Entscheidungsträger, für die das Buch eine fundierte Wissens- und Diskussionsgrundlage bietet."
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                "Text" => "Vorwort 8 1 Ziele der Forstwirtschaft und Aufgaben des Waldbaus 11 1.1 Wälder, Waldtypen und Waldverbreitung 13 1.1.1 Was ist ein Wald 13 1.1.2 Besonderheiten von Wäldern 15 1.1.3 Verbreitung von Wald 15 1.1.4 Wälder in Deutschland 18 1.1.5 Holzproduktion und Holzbedarf 21 1.2 Geschichte der Wälder und des Waldbaus bis Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts 23 1.2.1 Natürliche Wälder 24 1.2.2 Von der Waldzerstörung zum Waldaufbau 25 1.3 Aktuelle Aufgaben des Waldbaus 33 1.3.1 Nachhaltigkeit 33 1.3.2 Stabilität 38 1.3.3 Forstprodukte 52 1.3.4 Kohlenstoffspeicherung 53 1.3.5 Biodiversität 55 1.3.6 Schutzfunktionen 68 1.3.7 Sozioökonomische Funktionen 69 1.4 Grundsätze naturnaher Waldwirtschaft 70 1.4.1 Was ist naturnah? 70 1.4.2 Erste Ansätze 73 1.4.3 Aktuelle Konzepte 74 2 Wahl der Baumarten 81 2.1 Forstlich wichtige Baumarten 82 2.1.1 Laubbäume 82 2.1.1.1 Rotbuche (Fagus sylvatica, Familie Fagaceae) 82 2.1.1.2 Eichen (Gattung Quercus, Familie Fagaceae) 89 2.1.1.3 Gemeine Esche (Fraxinus excelsior, Familie Oleaceae) 95 2.1.1.4 Ahorne (Gattung Acer, Familie Aceraceae) 99 2.1.1.5 Wildkirschen (Gattung Prunus, Familie Rosaceae) 101 2.1.1.6 Linden (Gattung Tilia, Familie Tiliaceae) 103 2.1.1.7 Ulmen (Gattung Ulmus, Familie Ulmaceae) 105 2.1.1.8 Mehl- und Vogelbeere (Gattung Sorbus, Familie Rosaceae) 106 2.1.1.9 Wildbirne und Wildapfel (Gattungen Pyrus und Malus, Familie Rosaceae) 111 2.1.1.10 Hainbuche (Carpinus betulus, Familie Betulaceae) 112 2.1.1.11 Erlen (Gattung Alnus, Familie Betulaceae) 113 2.1.1.12 Nussbäume (Gattungen Juglans und Carya, Familie Juglandaceae) 114 2.1.1.13 Edelkastanie (Castanea sativa, Familie Fagaceae) 116 2.1.1.14 Birken (Gattung Betula, Familie Betulaceae) 117 2.1.1.15 Pappeln (Gattung Populus, Familie Salicaceae) 118 2.1.1.16 Weiden (Gattung Salix, Familie Salicaceae) 120 2.1.2 Nadelbäume 121 2.1.2.1 Fichten (Gattung Picea, Familie Pinaceae) 121 2.1.2.2 Kiefern (Gattung Pinus, Familie Pinaceae) 129 2.1.2.3 Lärchen (Gattung Larix, Familie Pinaceae) 136 2.1.2.4 Tannen (Gattung Abies, Familie Pinaceae) 141 2.1.2.5 Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Familie Pinaceae) 148 2.2 Ziele der Baumartenwahl 152 2.2.1 Baumartenwahl in der Vergangenheit 152 2.2.2 Aktuelle Ziele der Baumartenwahl 154 2.2.2.1 Erhöhung des Anteils der Laubbaumarten 154 2.2.2.2 Begründung von Mischbeständen 154 2.3 Erfassung der Standorte 160 2.3.1 Umwelt und Standort 160 2.3.2 Prinzipien der Standortserfassung 161 2.3.3 Einschätzung und Untersuchung der Standortseigenschaften 162 2.3.4 Bildung von Standortstypen 176 2.3.5 Standortskarten 177 2.4 Auswertung der Standortserfassung für die Wahl der Baumarten 178 2.4.1 Zusammenhänge zwischen Standort und Ertrag 178 2.4.2 Aspekte der Schutz- und Erholungsfunktionen 182 2.5 Betriebszieltypen und Waldentwicklungstypen 184 3 Verjüngung und Begründung von Waldbeständen 189 3.1 Grundlagen 190 3.2 Vorbereitende Maßnahmen 192 3.2.1 Verjüngungshindernisse 193 3.2.2 Verfahren der Bodenbearbeitung 200 3.3 Naturverjüngung 206 3.3.1 Grundlagen 206 3.3.2 Naturverjüngung einzelner Baumarten 228 3.4 Saatgut 269 3.4.1 Ernte, Aufbereitung und Prüfung 269 3.4.2 Vorbehandlung 273 3.4.3 Lagerung 274 3.4.4 Herkunft 274 3.4.5 Samenplantagen 280 3.5 Saat 282 3.5.1 Bedeutung in Geschichte und Gegenwart 282 3.5.2 Grundlagen 283 3.5.3 Eichensaat 285 3.5.4 Buchensaat 286 3.6 Pflanzung 287 3.6.1 Anzucht, Behandlung und Qualität von Forstpflanzen 287 3.6.2 Qualitätsmerkmale 292 3.6.3 Pflanzschock 296 3.6.4 Verwendung der Pflanzen-sortimente 298 3.6.5 Pflanzverfahren 301 3.6.6 Pflanzenzahlen und Pflanzabstände 306 3.6.7 Pflanzung von Mischbeständen 320 3.6.8 Pflanzung von vegetativ angezogenem Material 323 3.6.9 Nachbesserung, Ergänzung und Pflege 324 3.7 Vorwald, Voranbau, Unterbau und Nachanbau 330 3.7.1 Vorwald 330 3.7.2 Voranbau 333 3.7.3 Unterbau 338 3.7.4 Nachanbau 340 4 Bestandespflege 343 4.1 Grundlagen 344 4.1.1 Wirtschaftsziele 344 4.1.2 Natürliche Altersstufen 349 4.2 Läuterungen und Durchforstungen 350 4.2.1 Grundlagen 351 4.2.2 Konkurrenz, Differenzierung und natürliche Stammzahlabnahme 355 4.2.3 Baumklassen: Einteilungssysteme, Wachstum und Umsetzungsdynamik 362 4.2.4 Wirkungen auf Volumen- und Wertleistung 369 4.2.5 Wirkungen auf die Stabilität 388 4.2.6 Weitere ökologische Wirkungen 398 4.2.7 Läuterung 406 4.2.8 Durchforstung 413 4.2.9 Wie soll in der Praxis verfahren werden? 452 4.3 Ästung 462 4.3.1 Allgemeines 462 4.3.2 Überwallung von Ästungswunden  463 4.3.3 Auswahl zu ästender Bestände und Bäume 464 4.3.4 Technische Ausführung 465 4.3.5 Auswirkungen auf den Zuwachs 466 4.3.6 Ökonomische Aspekte 467 4.4 Düngung 467 4.4.1 Grundlagen 467 4.4.2 Ziele der Walddüngung 468 4.4.3 Erkennung akuter Düngebedürftigkeit 477 4.4.4 Düngemittel und deren Anwendung 478 4.4.5 Neben- und Folgewirkungen 482 5 Betriebsarten und Betriebsformen des Wirtschaftswaldes 489 5.1 Grundlagen 490 5.2 Niederwald 492 5.2.1 Kennzeichen und Geschichte 492 5.2.2 Formen 493 5.2.3 Ökologische Bedeutung 496 5.2.4 Umformung von Niederwald in Hochwald 496 5.2.5 Niederwaldbetrieb mit rasch wachsenden Baumarten 497 5.3 Mittelwald 499 5.3.1 Geschichte 499 5.3.2 Bewirtschaftung 500 5.3.3 Umformung von Mittelwald in Hochwald 500 5.4 Schlagweiser Hochwald 502 5.4.1 Grundbegriffe 502 5.4.2 Kahlschlag 503 5.4.3 Schirmschlag 513 5.4.4 Saumschlag 519 5.4.5 Femelschlag 522 5.4.6 Kombinierte Verfahren 543 5.4.7 Überhalt 545 5.5 Plenterwald 549 5.5.1 Grundlagen 549 5.5.2 Ökologische Bedingungen 551 5.5.3 Plentergleichgewicht 553 5.5.4 Wachstum und Ertrag 556 5.5.5 Laubbaumplenterwälder 558 5.5.6 Folgerungen 561 Glossar 565 Quellennachweis 578 Literaturverzeichnis 580 Sach- und Artenregister 664"
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Symfony Profiler

GET https://hauptbuchhandlung.staging.eurosoft.network/author/Bartsch,%20Norbert

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